# JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis

Canonical: https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/

> Dynamic module: Search Highlight (live content)

![](/images/4f866d0a-c1d7-429f-841f-3c3b57337808)

> Dynamic module: Page Tree (live content)

#### **Welcome to the _JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis._ This manual guides authors who wish to conduct systematic and scoping reviews following JBI methodologies. Each chapter is devoted to the synthesis of different types of evidence to address different types of clinical and policy-related questions.** 

JBI is an international evidence-based healthcare organisation that works with 90+ Universities, Health Facilities and NGOs (known as the [JBI Collaboration](https://jbi.global/global-reach/collaboration)) worldwide. The organisation focuses on improving health outcomes globally by producing and disseminating research evidence, software, training, resources and publications relating to evidence-based healthcare. Learn about the [JBI approach to evidence-based healthcare](https://jbi.global/jbi-model-of-EBHC).

JBI and its Collaborating Entities promote and support the synthesis, transfer and implementation of evidence by identifying feasible, appropriate, meaningful and effective healthcare practices to assist in the improvement of healthcare outcomes globally. One of our strengths is in the conduct of systematic reviews that reflect a broad, inclusive approach to evidence and accommodate a range of diverse questions and study designs.

The first three editions of the _JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis_ were published in book format, since 2017 subsequent editions have been published online.

This Manual is presented in an online wiki format to facilitate rapid inclusion of developments and updates to JBI methodologies and methods for evidence synthesis. [A PDF version of the](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599504/Downloadable+PDF+-+current+version) _[JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599504/Downloadable+PDF+-+current+version)_ [is available to download here](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599504/Downloadable+PDF+-+current+version). The PDF version is updated periodically (see date), however, it may not contain all the latest revisions to the Manual. Users are advised to cross-reference the relevant sections of the PDF with the online manual during the conduct of their review.

Links to previous versions and versions in languages other than English are also provided at the end of this manual for your reference/convenience.

**Updates**This version of the _JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis_ includes changes that correspond to the latest methodological developments determined by JBI Methodology Groups and approved by the JBI Scientific Committee, the latest developments in the [JBI SUMARI](http://jbisumari.org/) software and feedback from end users.

**Permissions**Please contact [jbisynthesis@adelaide.edu.au](http://jbisumari.org/) for queries regarding reproduction and other permissions.

**How to cite**Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Porritt K, Pilla B, Jordan Z, editors. _JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis_. JBI; 2024. Available from: [https://synthesismanual.jbi.global](https://synthesismanual.jbi.global). [https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-24-01](https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-24-01)

ISBN: 978-0-6488488-2-0

---

---

![](/images/cecd2d97-025d-468d-9b8c-93dea25bd5c0)

![](/images/3471b8a7-9ff6-4b23-98b6-478fa3aecc07)

- [JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/4685837.md)
- [1. JBI Systematic Reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598371.md)
- [1.1 Introduction](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598392.md)
- [1.2 Planning a JBI Review](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598416.md)
- [1.3 The review protocol](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598442.md)
- [1.4 Registering a review](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598464.md)
- [1.5 Publishing a JBI systematic review](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598492.md)
- [1.6 Reporting and conduct standards](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598518.md)
- [1.7 Disclosures and contributions](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598544.md)
- [1.8 References](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598566.md)
- [7. Systematic reviews of etiology and risk](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598596.md)
- [7.1 Introduction to etiological evidence and systematic reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598620.md)
- [7.2 Study designs for etiology and risk](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598640.md)
- [7.2.1 Observational Study Designs](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598660.md)
- [7.2.1.1 Cohort Studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598680.md)
- [7.2.1.2  Case-control studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598700.md)
- [7.2.1.3 Cross-sectional studies (Analytical)](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598720.md)
- [7.2.2. Descriptive study designs](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598734.md)
- [7.3 The systematic review protocol and report](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598754.md)
- [7.3.1 Title of the systematic review](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598774.md)
- [7.3.2 Abstract](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598794.md)
- [7.3.3 Objective and review question](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598814.md)
- [7.3.4 Background](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598834.md)
- [7.3.5 Inclusion criteria](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598852.md)
- [7.3.5.1 Population (types of participants)](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598872.md)
- [7.3.5.2 Exposure of interest (Independent variable)](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598888.md)
- [7.3.5.3 Outcome (dependent variable)](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598904.md)
- [7.3.5.4 Types of studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598920.md)
- [7.3.6 Methods](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598936.md)
- [7.3.6.2 Sources to search](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598954.md)
- [7.3.6.3 Assessment of methodological quality](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598976.md)
- [7.3.6.3.1 Confounding and confounders](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355598996.md)
- [7.3.6.3.2 Types of bias in studies of etiology and risk](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599016.md)
- [7.3.6.4 Data extraction](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599036.md)
- [7.3.6.5 Data synthesis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599056.md)
- [7.3.6.5.1 Meta-analysis of observational research](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599076.md)
- [7.3.6.5.2 The narrative synthesis of data](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599100.md)
- [7.3.6.5.3 The tabular synthesis of data](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599120.md)
- [7.3.6.1 Search strategy](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599140.md)
- [7.3.7 Results](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599160.md)
- [7.3.7.1 Description of studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599182.md)
- [7.3.7.2 Methodological quality](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599202.md)
- [7.3.7.3 Findings of the review](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599222.md)
- [7.3.8 Discussion](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599242.md)
- [7.3.9 Conclusion and Recommendations](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599262.md)
- [7.3.10 Appendices](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599282.md)
- [7.4 Chapter references](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599302.md)
- [Appendix 7.1  Critical appraisal checklist for cohort studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599324.md)
- [Appendix 7.2 Critical appraisal checklist for case-control studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599348.md)
- [Appendix 7.3 Critical appraisal checklists for case series](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599372.md)
- [Appendix 7.4 Critical appraisal checklist for case reports](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599400.md)
- [Appendix 7.5 Critical appraisal checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599424.md)
- [Systematic Reviews of Etiology and Risk Resources](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599448.md)
- [External Methodological Guidance](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599484.md)
- [Downloadable PDF - current version](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355599504.md)
- [Table of Contents](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355827730.md)
- [Contributors](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355827762.md)
- [2. Methodological considerations](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355827778.md)
- [2.1 Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355827799.md)
- [2.2 Synthesis Prioritization](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355827823.md)
- [2.3 Living Evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355827849.md)
- [2.4 Search Methodology for JBI Evidence Syntheses](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355827873.md)
- [4. Systematic reviews of effectiveness](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355827955.md)
- [4.1 Introduction to quantitative evidence and evidence-based practice](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355827979.md)
- [4.2 Development of a protocol for a systematic review of effectiveness evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355827999.md)
- [4.2.1 Title of the systematic review protocol](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828019.md)
- [4.2.2 Review question(s)](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828039.md)
- [4.2.3 Introduction](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828059.md)
- [4.2.4 Inclusion criteria](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828081.md)
- [4.2.4.1 Population (types of participants)](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828101.md)
- [4.2.4.2 Intervention (types of interventions)](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828121.md)
- [4.2.4.3 Comparison (types of comparators)](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828141.md)
- [4.2.4.4 Outcomes](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828161.md)
- [4.2.4.5 Types of studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828183.md)
- [4.2.5 Search strategy](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828203.md)
- [4.2.6 Selection of studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828227.md)
- [4.2.7 Critical appraisal](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828247.md)
- [4.2.8 Data extraction](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828267.md)
- [4.2.9 Data synthesis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828287.md)
- [4.3 Meta-analysis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828307.md)
- [4.3.1 Objectives of meta-analysis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828327.md)
- [4.3.2 Statistical models for meta-analysis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828347.md)
- [4.3.3 Effect sizes](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828367.md)
- [4.3.4  Considerations for the meta-analysis of dichotomous data](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828387.md)
- [4.3.5 Considerations for the meta-analysis of continuous data](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828407.md)
- [4.3.6 Meta-analysis: Statistical Methods](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828427.md)
- [4.3.7 Subgroups in meta-analysis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828447.md)
- [4.3.8 Sensitivity analysis in meta-analysis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828467.md)
- [4.3.9 Meta-regression](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828487.md)
- [4.3.10 Heterogeneity](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828507.md)
- [4.3.10.1 Standard chi-squared test (Cochran test)](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828527.md)
- [4.3.10.2 Quantification of the statistical heterogeneity: I squared](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828547.md)
- [4.3.10.3 Tau-squared for random effects model meta-analysis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828567.md)
- [4.3.11 Publication bias](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828587.md)
- [4.4 Systematic review of effectiveness](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828607.md)
- [4.4.1 Title](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828627.md)
- [4.4.2 Abstract](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828647.md)
- [4.4.3 GRADE 'Summary of Findings' table](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828667.md)
- [4.4.4 Introduction](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828693.md)
- [4.4.5 Review question(s)](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828715.md)
- [4.4.6 Inclusion criteria](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828735.md)
- [4.4.7 Methods](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828755.md)
- [4.4.7.1 Search strategy](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828777.md)
- [4.4.7.2 Study screening and selection](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828797.md)
- [4.4.7.3 Critical appraisal](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828817.md)
- [4.4.7.4 Data extraction](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828837.md)
- [4.4.7.5 Data synthesis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828857.md)
- [4.4.8 Results](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828877.md)
- [4.4.8.1 Study inclusion](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828897.md)
- [4.4.8.2 Methodological quality](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828917.md)
- [4.4.8.3 Characteristics of included studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828937.md)
- [3.4.8.4 Results and meta-analysis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828957.md)
- [4.4.9 Discussion](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828977.md)
- [4.4.10 Conclusions and recommendations](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355828997.md)
- [4.4.11 Conflicts and acknowledgements](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829017.md)
- [4.4.12 Review Appendices](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829037.md)
- [4.5 Chapter References](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829057.md)
- [Appendix 4.1: JBI Critical appraisal checklist for randomized controlled trials](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829077.md)
- [Appendix 4.2: Discussion of JBI appraisal criteria for randomized controlled trials](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829097.md)
- [Appendix 4.3: JBI Critical appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies (non-randomized experimental studies)](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829117.md)
- [Appendix 4.4: Discussion of JBI appraisal criteria for Quasi-Experimental Studies (non-randomized experimental studies)](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829137.md)
- [6. Systematic reviews of economic evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829157.md)
- [8. Mixed methods systematic reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829175.md)
- [8.1 Introduction to mixed methods systematic reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829219.md)
- [8.2 Concepts and considerations for mixed methods systematic reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829239.md)
- [8.3 The JBI approach to mixed method systematic reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829259.md)
- [8.4 Developing a mixed methods review protocol](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829304.md)
- [8.4.1   MMSR questions that take a CONVERGENT INTEGRATED approach to synthesis and integration](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829324.md)
- [8.4.2   MMSR questions that take a CONVERGENT SEGREGATED approach to synthesis and integration](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829348.md)
- [8.5 Conducting and reporting a JBI MMSR](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829378.md)
- [8.5.1 Mixed methods systematic review using a CONVERGENT INTEGRATED approach to synthesis and integration](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829400.md)
- [8.5.2 Mixed methods systematic review using a CONVERGENT SEGREGATED approach to synthesis and integration](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829426.md)
- [Chapter References](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829450.md)
- [Appendix 8.1 JBI Mixed Methods Data Extraction Form following a Convergent Integrated Approach](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829472.md)
- [Mixed Methods Resources](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829494.md)
- [9. Umbrella reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829653.md)
- [9.1 Umbrella reviews and evidence-based practice](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829681.md)
- [9.1.1 - Why an umbrella review?](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829709.md)
- [9.1.2 - Not just effectiveness - JBI umbrella reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829729.md)
- [9.2 Development of an Umbrella review protocol](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829749.md)
- [9.2.1 Title and author information](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829769.md)
- [9.2.2 Developing the title and question](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829789.md)
- [9.2.3 Introduction](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829809.md)
- [9.2.4 Review question(s)](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829831.md)
- [9.2.5 Inclusion criteria](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829851.md)
- [9.2.6 Search Strategy](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829871.md)
- [9.2.7 Study Selection](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829895.md)
- [9.2.8 Assessment of methodological quality](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829915.md)
- [9.2.9 Data collection](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829937.md)
- [9.2.10 Data summary](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829959.md)
- [9.3 Umbrella Review and Summary of the evidence of research syntheses](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355829979.md)
- [9.3.1 Title of the Umbrella Review](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830003.md)
- [9.3.2 Review Authors](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830023.md)
- [9.3.3 Abstract](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830043.md)
- [9.3.4 Introduction](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830063.md)
- [9.3.5 Review question(s)](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830085.md)
- [9.3.6 Inclusion criteria](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830107.md)
- [9.3.7 Methods](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830127.md)
- [9.3.7.1 Search strategy](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830149.md)
- [9.3.7.2 Study screening and selection](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830169.md)
- [Draft 10.3.7.3 Assessment of methodological quality/critical appraisal](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830189.md)
- [9.3.7.4 Data collection](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830209.md)
- [9.3.7.5 Data Summary](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830229.md)
- [9.3.8 Results](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830249.md)
- [9.3.8.1 Study inclusion](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830272.md)
- [9.3.8.2 Methodological quality](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830292.md)
- [9.3.8.3 Characteristics of included studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830310.md)
- [9.3.8.4 Findings of the review](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830332.md)
- [9.3.9 Summary of Evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830364.md)
- [9.3.10 Discussion](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830396.md)
- [9.3.11 Conclusions and recommendations](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830416.md)
- [9.3.12 Conflicts and acknowledgements](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830436.md)
- [9.3.13 Review Appendices](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830456.md)
- [9.4 Chapter references](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830476.md)
- [Appendix 9.1 JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830500.md)
- [Appendix 9.2. Discussion of JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for systematic reviews and research syntheses](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830527.md)
- [Appendix 9.3 JBI Data Extraction Form for Review for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830547.md)
- [Umbrella Reviews Resources](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355830574.md)
- [3. Systematic reviews of qualitative evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355860482.md)
- [3.1 Purpose of this guidance](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355860507.md)
- [3.2 Introduction to qualitative evidence synthesis and evidence-based healthcare](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355860527.md)
- [3.3 JBI’s approach to qualitative evidence synthesis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355860547.md)
- [3.4 Tools, resources and software in the review process](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355860567.md)
- [5. Systematic reviews of textual evidence: narrative, expert opinion or policy](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861531.md)
- [5.1. Introduction to textual evidence and evidence-based practice](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861553.md)
- [5.1.1 Systematic reviews addressing textual evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861578.md)
- [5.1.2 JBI methodological approach to Textual Evidence Systematic Reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861598.md)
- [5.1.3 Sources of textual evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861625.md)
- [5.1.3.1 Evidence from narrative](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861645.md)
- [5.1.3.2 Evidence from expert opinion](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861665.md)
- [5.1.3.3 Evidence from policy/consensus guidelines](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861685.md)
- [5.1.3.4 Selecting the appropriate type of text to answer your question](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861705.md)
- [5.2 JBI Systematic reviews of textual evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861725.md)
- [5.2.1 Selecting a title for your systematic review](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861745.md)
- [5.2.2 Determining your review question](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861765.md)
- [5.2.3 Introduction](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861785.md)
- [5.2.3.1 Identifying your eligibility criteria / PICO framework](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861805.md)
- [5.2.4 Search strategy](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861825.md)
- [5.2.4.1 Finding and using the appropriate resources](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861845.md)
- [5.2.4.2 Searching for published material](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861865.md)
- [5.2.4.3 Searching for grey literature](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861885.md)
- [5.2.5 Selection of evidence sources/texts](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861905.md)
- [5.2.5.1  Process of determining eligibility](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861925.md)
- [5.2.5.2 Details of how to screen studies at the title and abstract level](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861945.md)
- [5.2.5.3 Details of how to screen papers at the full text stage](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861965.md)
- [5.2.5.4 Current tools and software available to support the selection process](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355861985.md)
- [5.2.6 Assessment of quality](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862005.md)
- [5.2.6.2 Assessment of quality: Narrative evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862025.md)
- [5.2.6.2.1  JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist: Narrative Evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862045.md)
- [5.2.6.2.2 Explanation of Narrative tool](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862065.md)
- [5.2.6.3: Assessment of quality: Evidence from expert opinion](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862085.md)
- [5.2.6.3.1 JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist: Expert Opinion Evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862105.md)
- [5.2.6.3.2 Explanation of expert opinion tool](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862125.md)
- [5.2.6.4 Assessment of quality: Evidence from policy/consensus guidelines](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862145.md)
- [5.2.6.4.1 JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Policy / Consensus Guidelines Evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862165.md)
- [5.2.6.4.2 Explanation of policy statements/consensus guidelines tool](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862185.md)
- [5.2.7 Data extraction](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862205.md)
- [5.2.7.1 Phase one of data extraction](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862225.md)
- [5.2.7.2 Phase two of data extraction](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862245.md)
- [5.2.8 Textual evidence synthesis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862272.md)
- [5.2.9 Assessing certainty or confidence in the evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862299.md)
- [5.2.10 Presenting your review results](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862319.md)
- [5.2.10.1 Description of included papers](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862339.md)
- [5.2.10.2 Assessment of quality](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862359.md)
- [5.2.10.3 Interpreting the results from your systematic review](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862386.md)
- [5.2.10.4 Discussion](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862406.md)
- [5.2.10.5 Conclusions](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862426.md)
- [Systematic Reviews of Textual Evidence Resources](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862446.md)
- [5.3 References](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862477.md)
- [10. Scoping reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862497.md)
- [10.1 Introduction to Scoping reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862533.md)
- [10.1.1 Why are we updating this chapter?](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862553.md)
- [10.1.2 What are scoping reviews?](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862573.md)
- [10.1.3 The purpose of scoping reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862599.md)
- [10.2 How to conduct a scoping review](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862619.md)
- [10.2.1 Team and resources needed for a JBI scoping review](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862647.md)
- [10.2.2 Developing your protocol](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862667.md)
- [10.2.3 Defining and aligning the objective/s and question/s](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862687.md)
- [10.2.4 Developing and aligning the eligibility criteria with the objective/s and question/s](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862707.md)
- [10.2.5 Describing the planned approach to evidence searching, selection, extraction and presentation](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862729.md)
- [10.2.6 Searching for the evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862749.md)
- [10.2.7 Selecting the evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862769.md)
- [10.2.8 Critical appraisal or risk-of-bias assessment](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862791.md)
- [10.2.9 Extracting the evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862811.md)
- [10.3 Reporting considerations](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355862853.md)
- [10.4 Updating scoping reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355863308.md)
- [Previous versions](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/355863557.md)
- [Systematic Reviews of Effectiveness Resources](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/356188161.md)
- [4.2.6.2 Citation searching](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/652181517.md)
- [2.4.5.1 Health-related databases](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/652214280.md)
- [2.4.10 References](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/652214291.md)
- [2.4.6 Supplementary Searches](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/652247074.md)
- [2.4.3 Developing a Search Strategy](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/652279828.md)
- [2.4.7	Updating the Search](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/652279838.md)
- [2.4.5.2 Database translation](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/652345362.md)
- [2.4.5 Search Requirements for Your Review](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/652476436.md)
- [2.4.2.1 Search sensitivity and specificity](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/652574736.md)
- [2.4.9 Further Reading](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/652771335.md)
- [2.4.4 Peer Review of Search Strategies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/652804118.md)
- [2.4.1	An Introduction to Evidence Synthesis Searching](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/652967957.md)
- [2.4.8 Reporting the Search Strategy: PRISMA-S](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/653000709.md)
- [4.2.6.3 Handsearching](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/653066250.md)
- [2.4.2 The JBI 3-Step Search Process](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/653099013.md)
- [2.4.6.1 Grey literature](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/653328404.md)
- [3.1.1 Core definitions](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863174658.md)
- [3.3.1 Theoretical underpinning](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863469590.md)
- [3.2.1 Qualitative evidence and evidence-based healthcare](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863535106.md)
- [3.2.2 Qualitative evidence synthesis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863535127.md)
- [3.3.4 The review team](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863567898.md)
- [3.3.2 Equity in qualitative systematic reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863633421.md)
- [3.3.3 Reflexivity](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863633436.md)
- [3.3.8 Identifying eligibility criteria for the review](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863862953.md)
- [3.3.13 Data synthesis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863863028.md)
- [3.3.13.2 Developing synthesised findings](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863863040.md)
- [3.3.6 Selecting a title for the systematic review](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863895720.md)
- [3.3.7 Determining the review question](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863895732.md)
- [3.3.9 Searching for qualitative studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863895769.md)
- [3.3.13.1 Developing categories](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863895800.md)
- [3.3.5 An a priori protocol](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863928507.md)
- [3.3.10 Selecting qualitative studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863928560.md)
- [3.3.11 Assessing methodological quality of qualitative studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863928570.md)
- [3.3.12 Extracting findings](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863928582.md)
- [3.3.14 Presenting the synthesis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/863928615.md)
- [References](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/864518241.md)
- [3.3.15 Assessment of confidence of qualitative synthesised findings](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/864551003.md)
- [3.3.16 Developing recommendations for practice/research/policy](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/864551025.md)
- [Translated Resouces](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/1426784261.md)
- [10.1.5 Scoping reviews in guideline development](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2041872392.md)
- [10.2.1.1 Forming the right team](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2042298373.md)
- [10.1.4 Research priority setting](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2042331142.md)
- [10.2.1.3 Engaging knowledge users](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2042658830.md)
- [10.1.6 Scoping reviews compared to other evidence synthesis types](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2043052033.md)
- [10.2.1.4 Software and automation to support the scoping review process](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2043215876.md)
- [10.2.1.2 Managing a scoping review team](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2043314177.md)
- [10.2.7.1 Piloting the selection of studies](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2049540102.md)
- [10.2.10.1 Double-counting in scoping reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2050392084.md)
- [10.2.10 Analysing the evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2050523146.md)
- [10.2.10.2 Using basic qualitative content analysis](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2050883588.md)
- [10.6 Future directions of scoping reviews](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2051244047.md)
- [10.2.9.2 Piloting the data extraction](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2051473426.md)
- [10.7 Chapter References](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2051571724.md)
- [10.2.9.1 Developing the extraction form](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2051637250.md)
- [10.2.12 Summarising the evidence](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2051735569.md)
- [10.5 Challenges and potential solutions](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2052030485.md)
- [10.2.11 Presentation of the results](https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/2052063236.md)

---
Generated: 2026-09-20T01:12:59.681Z